Croup, also called laryngotracheobronchitis, is a contagious respiratory condition commonly observed in young children, especially those under the age of five. Its highest prevalence occurs in autumn and winter (November to April). Croup is primarily caused by parainfluenza viruses and influenza viruses, although it can also be triggered by bacterial infections such as Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Initially, patients may display symptoms resembling those of a common cold. However, the virus concentrates in the main bronchus and throat, resulting in swelling that obstructs breathing and causes respiratory distress. Wheezing sounds are prominent during both exhalation and inhalation, with inhalation producing a more pronounced sound. Other typical symptoms of croup include a dry cough, a distinctive barking cough, and hoarseness of voice.

Croup and asthma are distinct conditions. Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by allergies and recurring episodes triggered primarily by prolonged exposure to allergens that elicit allergic reactions in the airways. Asthma attacks can also be influenced by external factors like respiratory syncytial virus or rhinovirus. Asthma itself is not contagious. The sound produced during breathing in individuals with asthma differs from that in individuals with croup. Asthma patients have narrower airways, so the sound is typically heard during exhalation, whereas croup patients produce sounds during both inhalation and exhalation.

If parents observe typical symptoms of croup in their child, immediate medical attention should be sought. As croup is caused by viral infections, the breathing difficulties in patients with mild symptoms generally improve within a few days, and the condition typically resolves completely within approximately a week. However, if left untreated or if treatment is delayed, it can impact breathing and potentially lead to severe consequences or even death. Additionally, suppose a young child accidentally inhales foreign objects, such as beads or pills, into the trachea or lungs. In that case, similar symptoms of breathing difficulties resembling croup may occur, necessitating immediate medical intervention.

The treatment for croup depends on the patient's breathing condition and the severity of coughing, as assessed by the doctor. Medications such as oral, injectable, or inhaled corticosteroids may be prescribed to alleviate wheezing and breathing difficulties. In some cases, inhaled epinephrine aerosol may be used to provide relief, and its effectiveness will be monitored over time. For patients who do not require hospitalization, it is recommended to rest at home. Parents should ensure proper air circulation within the household and closely monitor the patient's cough, breathing difficulties, and blood oxygen levels.

The methods to prevent croup in children are similar to those for preventing the flu:

1. Teach children to wash their hands regularly, cover their mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, and dispose of tissues properly.
2. Avoid crowded places and consider using surgical masks when necessary.
3. Provide a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
4. Ensure children get enough rest.
5. Encourage moderate exercise.

Virtus Medical Paediatric Respiratory Medicine Specialists